How do the Japanese celebrate the Japanese New Year? Learn more about the foods, traditions and various customs observed during this festive holiday.
Japanese New Year
Japanese New Year is called shogatsu or oshogatsu (お正月), and it is the most important holiday in Japan. Since 1873 in the Meiji era, the official New Year has been celebrated on January 1st due to western influence, instead of the New Year based on Lunar Calendar (aka Chinese New Year). This annual festival comes with many traditions and customs, and each observation is imbued with special meaning.
To usher in new beginnings, I am excited to share with you how the Japanese people bid farewell to the old year and welcome the New Year.
How the Japanese celebrate the New Year – Foods, Customs & Traditions
December – Shiwasu
December is also called Shiwasu (師走) in Japanese, and the kanji (the written word) literally means “masters/teachers run”. It basically implies that December is so busy that even self-composed masters/teachers are on the run.
At the end of the year, people send out gifts called Oseibo (お歳暮) to their managers, customers, and teachers to express appreciation for the whole year. Popular gift items also include fresh food (seafood, meat, and fruits), condiments, beer, tea/coffee, canned foods, desserts, and gift certificates.
Before the companies shut down from the last week of the year to the first week of New Year, there are a lot of year-end parties called Bonenkai (忘年会), which means “forget-the-year party”, with colleagues and bosses.
During the last few days of December, people meticulously clean their homes, offices, and businesses from top-to-bottom. This annual tradition is called Osoji (大掃除), “the big cleaning”. We believe it’s important to eliminate the dust, dirt, and clutter from the passing year and to welcome the Japanese New Year with a clean and fresh emotional state.
By katorisi [GFDL or CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
After the house is cleaned, New Year’s decorations like Kado Matsu (門松) are set up on both sides of the front entrance. They are made of pine and 3 bamboo stalks that are cut diagonally in different lengths. Pine boughs are symbolic of longevity and bamboo stalks are symbolic of prosperity.
My local Japanese grocery store sells mini Kado Matsu decorations like this (shown above) but there are way more decoration choices in Japan.
A traditional decoration Kagami Mochi (鏡餅), which literally means “mirror rice cake,” is placed inside the house.
Kagami mochi is made of two round mochi, with the smaller mochi placed atop the larger mochi. Roundness of mochi represents harmony in the family and mochi’s stretchy texture symbolizes hopes for longevity. A “daidai” Japanese orange is then placed on top of the mochi, along with leaves and other decorations.
By Miyuki Meinaka [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Mochi Tsuki (餅つき), or pounding rice to make mochi, is an important traditional event in preparation for the Japanese New Year and it’s usually performed at the end of the year. As you can see from the image above, the men and woman would pound the rice with a large wooden mallet called Kine (杵) while the man reached into the mortar called Usu (臼) between blows to moisten and turn over the rice.
New Year’s Eve – Omisoka
New Year’s Eve is called Omisoka (大晦日). The Japanese usually celebrate the New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Day with family as the holiday is equivalent to the American Thanksgiving or Christmas.
When I was growing up, we usually spent the New Year’s day with my mother side of the family. While men in the family were assigned to deep clean the house, all 3 generations of women (my grandma, my aunts, my mom, and I) gathered in the kitchen all day long to make the traditional Japanese New Year foods known as Osechi Ryori (おせち料理) or Osechi (おせち) for short.
If you’re interested in making Osechi Ryori dishes, I’ve shared a delicious spread of recipes here.
Each family has a different tradition for New Year’s Eve dinner, but the popular menus include sushi, sashimi, and hot pot such as sukiyaki (above), yosenabe, and shabu shabu (below). In some regions of Japan, people even start eating Osechi Ryori on new year’s Eve.
My family usually prepared Sukiyaki or Temaki Sushi (Hand Roll Sushi) as the last meal for the year.
At night, many people enjoy watching a hugely popular music contest on TV broadcasted by NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). The show is called Kohaku Utagassen (紅白歌合戦) and it is a singing contest between Red (women singers) and White (male singers). They also have Japan’s most popular singers, from young J-pop singers to Japanese ballade “enka” singers, performing live on stage. At the end of the show, the audience cast in their votes for Red or White.
Before the year ends, the Japanese must eat Toshikoshi Soba (年越し蕎麦). It’s auspicious to eat hot noodle soup because the long, thin noodles symbolize longevity. We used to eat a small bowl of soba as a snack while watching the singing contest.
By Haruo.takagi [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
As far as midnight traditions go, the Japanese stay up till midnight to listen to the 108 chimes of temple bells, which we call Joya no Kane (除夜の鐘). Just before midnight, temples throughout Japan strike their big bells 108 times.
In Buddhism, ringing the bell 108 times is believed to help people getting rid of their evil passions and desires, and in return purifying their hearts for the upcoming year. The bell is rung 107 times on the 31st and once past midnight.
By the way, anytime prior to 11:59 PM on December 31st, the Japanese would say “Yoi Otoshio!“ (良いお年を), which means “have a nice year!”
After the new year you say “Akemashite Omedeto (Gozaimasu)!“ (明けましておめでとうございます), which means “Congratulations on the new year!”
New Year’s Day – Oshogatsu
Although Oshogatsu (お正月) means January, it is celebrated on the first 3 days of January in Japan. Most businesses shut down from January 1st to January 3rd, and families typically go back to visit their hometowns and spend these few days together.
By 吉田宅浪 [GFDL or CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Some people get up really early to go to a popular scenic spot to view the New Year’s first sunrise, Hatsu Hinode (初日の出).
In the morning of January 1st, family gets together to eat Osechi Ryori (おせち料理). The traditional foods are packed in 2-3 tiered jubako boxes (お重箱). What kind of foods do we eat? Please read this post dedicated for Osechi Ryori.
Along with Osechi, the Japanese also eat rice cakes called Mochi (餅) and drink sweet medicinal sake Otoso (お屠蘇) and a mochi soup called Ozoni (お雑煮). If you’re interested in making the mochi soup, I have Kanto-style Ozoni and Kansai-style Ozoni recipes on my blog.
By Halowand [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
After the meal, the family get together to read Nengajo (年賀状), New Year’s greeting cards, which are specially marked to be delivered on January 1st. Nengajo usually have the Chinese zodiac sign of the New Year, as each year is represented by an animal.
One of the exciting things for children on New Year’s Day is to receive Otoshidama (お年玉), a money gift in small envelope, from their parents, relatives or acquaintances. I used to look forward to visiting my dad side’s big family get-together where I received Otoshidama from my uncles and some of my older cousins.
There are a few games that are traditionally played on the New Year. Some of my favorites include Japanese badminton with a wooden rectangular racket called Hanetsuki (羽根つき), kite flying called Takoage (凧揚げ), and a card game called Karuta (かるた) shown above.
By spinachdip (Flickr) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
During the first three days of the New Year, the Japanese also visit a shrine or temple to pray for happiness and good luck in the coming year and this visit is called Hatsumode (初詣).
By Kanko* [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
A popular shrine like Meiji Shrine (明治神宮) in Tokyo can easily attracts several million people during the three days. Many women take this opportunity to dress up in colorful kimonos (着物) for their visit. Visitors will also buy a good luck charm called Omamori (お守り) at the temple. It is kept as a protection from illness, accidents and disasters.
Japanese New Year
Now that you have learned how the Japanese celebrate New Year, I hope you have the opportunity to visit Japan to experience this special time of the year. I believe it will be the highlight of your stay.
As a Japanese living overseas, I wish that the spirit of the Japanese New Year celebration will continue to be passed on to the next generations. It is truly a time where we gather to appreciate the many customs that are steeped in history.
Happy New Year!
明けましておめでとうございます！
Akemashite omedeto gozaimasu!
Editor’s Note: This post was originally published on December 29, 2015. The images and content have been updated in December 2017
The post Japanese New Year お正月 appeared first on Just One Cookbook.
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